The effect of irrigation water quality was investigated in a commercial mandarin orchard during four growing seasons using fresh water (EC ≈ 1 dS m−1), irrigators’ association water (EC = 1–3 dS m−1) and reclaimed water (RW) (EC ≈ 3 dS m−1).

IES (Irrigation Expert Simulator) es un proyecto financiado por la Comisión Europea (CE) en el marco del programa LIFE+2011, formado por un consorcio de tres entidades: el Departamento de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Natural (DAAM), el Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentarias (IRTA) y el centro tecnológico Barcelona Digital.

Typical field conditions under sprinkler irrigation include low irrigation uniformity and non-uniform plant density, which can affect the crop yield and the environmental impact of irrigation.